Recent advances in the research of vortex beams, structured beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM), have revolutionized the applications of light beams, such as advanced optical manipulations, high-capacity optical communications, and super-resolution imaging. Undoubtedly, the methods for generation of a vortex beam and detection of its OAM are of vital importance for the applications of vortex beams. In this review, we first introduce the fundamental concepts of vortex beams briefly and then summarize approaches to generating and detecting the vortex beams separately, from bulky diffractive elements to planar elements. Finally, we make a concise conclusion and outline that is yet to be explored.

涡旋光束因为携带轨道角动量，在光通信、粒子操纵及量子信息等领域都具有重要的应用前景。目前有很多方法可用于产生涡旋光束，如利用螺旋相位板、模式转换、空间光调制器等。然而，传统的方法需要搭建体积相对较大的光学系统，限制了其在集成光学等领域中的应用。不同于传统方法中通过传输效应来获得相位变化，超表面可以通过纳米结构使入射光产生相位突变，在纳米尺度上独立控制动态或几何相位以产生涡旋。超表面具有强大光控制能力的同时，还具有体积小、易于集成等特点，因此成为了产生涡旋光的理想方法。文中在介绍产生涡旋光束基本原理的基础上，回顾了近年来利用超表面产生涡旋光束的研究进展。首先介绍了利用动力学相位、Pancharatnam-Berry (P-B)相位以及混合相位产生光学涡旋的方法。随后，对利用全息与编码超表面产生涡旋及通过多路复用产生多个涡旋等不同方法进行了综述。最后，对基于超表面产生涡旋的一些亟待解决的问题和应用前景作了简单总结与讨论。

Transmission of an anisotropic metasurface is analyzed in a polar base relying on the Jones calculus, and polarization conversion from the spatial uniform polarization to the spatial nonuniform polarization is explored. Simple and compact polarization converters based on rectangular holes or cross holes etched in silver film are designed, and polarization conversions from the linear and circular polarization to the radial and azimuthal polarization are realized. Numerical simulations of three designed polarization converters consisting of rectangular holes equivalent to polarizers and quarter- and half-wave plates, exhibit the perfect polarization conversion. The experiment results consistent with the simulations verify theoretic predictions. This study is helpful for designing metasurface polarization converters and expanding the application of a metasurface in polarization manipulations.